thodg/libgit2

diff --git a/examples/common.c b/examples/common.c
index 4cd9f2b..22807e1 100644
--- a/examples/common.c
+++ b/examples/common.c
@@ -14,6 +14,14 @@
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# include <io.h>
+#else
+# include <fcntl.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
 #include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
@@ -391,3 +399,37 @@ out:
 	free(pubkey);
 	return error;
 }
+
+char *read_file(const char *path)
+{
+	ssize_t total = 0;
+	char *buf = NULL;
+	struct stat st;
+	int fd = -1;
+
+	if ((fd = open(path, O_RDONLY)) < 0 || fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+		goto out;
+
+	if ((buf = malloc(st.st_size + 1)) == NULL)
+		goto out;
+
+	while (total < st.st_size) {
+		ssize_t bytes = read(fd, buf + total, st.st_size - total);
+		if (bytes <= 0) {
+			if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+				 continue;
+			free(buf);
+			buf = NULL;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		total += bytes;
+	}
+
+	buf[total] = '\0';
+
+out:
+	if (fd >= 0)
+		close(fd);
+	return buf;
+}
+
diff --git a/examples/common.h b/examples/common.h
index 724a5c0..bba8321 100644
--- a/examples/common.h
+++ b/examples/common.h
@@ -12,10 +12,25 @@
  * <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
  */
 
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <git2.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# include <io.h>
+# include <Windows.h>
+# define open _open
+# define read _read
+# define close _close
+# define ssize_t int
+# define sleep(a) Sleep(a * 1000)
+#else
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
 
 #ifndef PRIuZ
 /* Define the printf format specifer to use for size_t output */
@@ -65,6 +80,14 @@ extern int lg2_tag(git_repository *repo, int argc, char **argv);
 extern void check_lg2(int error, const char *message, const char *extra);
 
 /**
+ * Read a file into a buffer
+ *
+ * @param path The path to the file that shall be read
+ * @return NUL-terminated buffer if the file was successfully read, NULL-pointer otherwise
+ */
+extern char *read_file(const char *path);
+
+/**
  * Exit the program, printing error to stderr
  */
 extern void fatal(const char *message, const char *extra);
@@ -90,7 +113,7 @@ struct args_info {
 /**
  * Check current `args` entry against `opt` string.  If it matches
  * exactly, take the next arg as a string; if it matches as a prefix with
- * an equal sign, take the remainder as a string; if value not supplied, 
+ * an equal sign, take the remainder as a string; if value not supplied,
  * default value `def` will be given. otherwise return 0.
  */
 extern int optional_str_arg(
diff --git a/examples/diff.c b/examples/diff.c
index e8ba918..9e2aa9c 100644
--- a/examples/diff.c
+++ b/examples/diff.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ struct opts {
 	git_diff_options diffopts;
 	git_diff_find_options findopts;
 	int color;
+	int no_index;
 	int cache;
 	int output;
 	git_diff_format_t format;
@@ -66,14 +67,16 @@ static void parse_opts(struct opts *o, int argc, char *argv[]);
 static int color_printer(
 	const git_diff_delta*, const git_diff_hunk*, const git_diff_line*, void*);
 static void diff_print_stats(git_diff *diff, struct opts *o);
+static void compute_diff_no_index(git_diff **diff, struct opts *o);
 
 int lg2_diff(git_repository *repo, int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	git_tree *t1 = NULL, *t2 = NULL;
 	git_diff *diff;
+
 	struct opts o = {
 		GIT_DIFF_OPTIONS_INIT, GIT_DIFF_FIND_OPTIONS_INIT,
-		-1, 0, 0, GIT_DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH, NULL, NULL, "."
+		-1, -1, 0, 0, GIT_DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH, NULL, NULL, "."
 	};
 
 	parse_opts(&o, argc, argv);
@@ -86,49 +89,54 @@ int lg2_diff(git_repository *repo, int argc, char *argv[])
 	 *  * &lt;sha1&gt;
 	 *  * --cached
 	 *  * --nocache (don't use index data in diff at all)
+	 *  * --no-index &lt;file1&gt; &lt;file2&gt;
 	 *  * nothing
 	 *
 	 * Currently ranged arguments like &lt;sha1&gt;..&lt;sha2&gt; and &lt;sha1&gt;...&lt;sha2&gt;
 	 * are not supported in this example
 	 */
 
-	if (o.treeish1)
-		treeish_to_tree(&t1, repo, o.treeish1);
-	if (o.treeish2)
-		treeish_to_tree(&t2, repo, o.treeish2);
-
-	if (t1 && t2)
-		check_lg2(
-			git_diff_tree_to_tree(&diff, repo, t1, t2, &o.diffopts),
-			"diff trees", NULL);
-	else if (o.cache != CACHE_NORMAL) {
-		if (!t1)
-			treeish_to_tree(&t1, repo, "HEAD");
+	if (o.no_index >= 0) {
+		compute_diff_no_index(&diff, &o);
+	} else {
+		if (o.treeish1)
+			treeish_to_tree(&t1, repo, o.treeish1);
+		if (o.treeish2)
+			treeish_to_tree(&t2, repo, o.treeish2);
 
-		if (o.cache == CACHE_NONE)
+		if (t1 && t2)
+			check_lg2(
+				git_diff_tree_to_tree(&diff, repo, t1, t2, &o.diffopts),
+				"diff trees", NULL);
+		else if (o.cache != CACHE_NORMAL) {
+			if (!t1)
+				treeish_to_tree(&t1, repo, "HEAD");
+
+			if (o.cache == CACHE_NONE)
+				check_lg2(
+					git_diff_tree_to_workdir(&diff, repo, t1, &o.diffopts),
+					"diff tree to working directory", NULL);
+			else
+				check_lg2(
+					git_diff_tree_to_index(&diff, repo, t1, NULL, &o.diffopts),
+					"diff tree to index", NULL);
+		}
+		else if (t1)
 			check_lg2(
-				git_diff_tree_to_workdir(&diff, repo, t1, &o.diffopts),
+				git_diff_tree_to_workdir_with_index(&diff, repo, t1, &o.diffopts),
 				"diff tree to working directory", NULL);
 		else
 			check_lg2(
-				git_diff_tree_to_index(&diff, repo, t1, NULL, &o.diffopts),
-				"diff tree to index", NULL);
-	}
-	else if (t1)
-		check_lg2(
-			git_diff_tree_to_workdir_with_index(&diff, repo, t1, &o.diffopts),
-			"diff tree to working directory", NULL);
-	else
-		check_lg2(
-			git_diff_index_to_workdir(&diff, repo, NULL, &o.diffopts),
-			"diff index to working directory", NULL);
+				git_diff_index_to_workdir(&diff, repo, NULL, &o.diffopts),
+				"diff index to working directory", NULL);
 
-	/** Apply rename and copy detection if requested. */
+		/** Apply rename and copy detection if requested. */
 
-	if ((o.findopts.flags & GIT_DIFF_FIND_ALL) != 0)
-		check_lg2(
-			git_diff_find_similar(diff, &o.findopts),
-			"finding renames and copies", NULL);
+		if ((o.findopts.flags & GIT_DIFF_FIND_ALL) != 0)
+			check_lg2(
+				git_diff_find_similar(diff, &o.findopts),
+				"finding renames and copies", NULL);
+	}
 
 	/** Generate simple output using libgit2 display helper. */
 
@@ -158,6 +166,38 @@ int lg2_diff(git_repository *repo, int argc, char *argv[])
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void compute_diff_no_index(git_diff **diff, struct opts *o) {
+	git_patch *patch = NULL;
+	char *file1_str = NULL;
+	char *file2_str = NULL;
+	git_buf buf = {0};
+
+	if (!o->treeish1 || !o->treeish2) {
+		usage("two files should be provided as arguments", NULL);
+	}
+	file1_str = read_file(o->treeish1);
+	if (file1_str == NULL) {
+		usage("file cannot be read", o->treeish1);
+	}
+	file2_str = read_file(o->treeish2);
+	if (file2_str == NULL) {
+		usage("file cannot be read", o->treeish2);
+	}
+	check_lg2(
+		git_patch_from_buffers(&patch, file1_str, strlen(file1_str), o->treeish1, file2_str, strlen(file2_str), o->treeish2, &o->diffopts),
+		"patch buffers", NULL);
+	check_lg2(
+		git_patch_to_buf(&buf, patch),
+		"patch to buf", NULL);
+	check_lg2(
+		git_diff_from_buffer(diff, buf.ptr, buf.size),
+		"diff from patch", NULL);
+	git_patch_free(patch);
+	git_buf_dispose(&buf);
+	free(file1_str);
+	free(file2_str);
+}
+
 static void usage(const char *message, const char *arg)
 {
 	if (message && arg)
@@ -223,9 +263,10 @@ static void parse_opts(struct opts *o, int argc, char *argv[])
 			o->output |= OUTPUT_DIFF;
 			o->format = GIT_DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
 		}
-		else if (!strcmp(a, "--cached"))
+		else if (!strcmp(a, "--cached")) {
 			o->cache = CACHE_ONLY;
-		else if (!strcmp(a, "--nocache"))
+			if (o->no_index >= 0) usage("--cached and --no-index are incompatible", NULL);
+		} else if (!strcmp(a, "--nocache"))
 			o->cache = CACHE_NONE;
 		else if (!strcmp(a, "--name-only") || !strcmp(a, "--format=name"))
 			o->format = GIT_DIFF_FORMAT_NAME_ONLY;
@@ -238,7 +279,10 @@ static void parse_opts(struct opts *o, int argc, char *argv[])
 			o->format = GIT_DIFF_FORMAT_RAW;
 			o->diffopts.id_abbrev = 40;
 		}
-		else if (!strcmp(a, "--color"))
+		else if (!strcmp(a, "--no-index")) {
+			o->no_index = 0;
+			if (o->cache == CACHE_ONLY) usage("--cached and --no-index are incompatible", NULL);
+		} else if (!strcmp(a, "--color"))
 			o->color = 0;
 		else if (!strcmp(a, "--no-color"))
 			o->color = -1;
diff --git a/examples/for-each-ref.c b/examples/for-each-ref.c
index eea73d2..900792c 100644
--- a/examples/for-each-ref.c
+++ b/examples/for-each-ref.c
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include <git2.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 #include "common.h"
 
 static int show_ref(git_reference *ref, void *data)
diff --git a/examples/general.c b/examples/general.c
index 4bd1dac..ddc53c3 100644
--- a/examples/general.c
+++ b/examples/general.c
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
  * [pg]: https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Plumbing-and-Porcelain
  */
 
+#include "common.h"
+
 /**
  * ### Includes
  *
@@ -43,9 +45,7 @@
  * that you need.  It should be the only thing you need to include in order
  * to compile properly and get all the libgit2 API.
  */
-#include <git2.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include "git2.h"
 
 static void oid_parsing(git_oid *out);
 static void object_database(git_repository *repo, git_oid *oid);
diff --git a/examples/index-pack.c b/examples/index-pack.c
index 0941e09..2181f43 100644
--- a/examples/index-pack.c
+++ b/examples/index-pack.c
@@ -1,21 +1,5 @@
 #include "common.h"
 
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#ifdef _WIN32
-# include <io.h>
-# include <Windows.h>
-
-# define open _open
-# define read _read
-# define close _close
-
-#define ssize_t int
-#else
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
 /*
  * This could be run in the main loop whilst the application waits for
  * the indexing to finish in a worker thread
diff --git a/examples/status.c b/examples/status.c
index 38e5120..979ab7c 100644
--- a/examples/status.c
+++ b/examples/status.c
@@ -13,12 +13,6 @@
  */
 
 #include "common.h"
-#ifdef _WIN32
-# include <Windows.h>
-# define sleep(a) Sleep(a * 1000)
-#else
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
 
 /**
  * This example demonstrates the use of the libgit2 status APIs,