thodg/libgit2

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bffcb25..6a81a20 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ v0.22 + 1
 
 * Rename and copy detection is enabled for small files.
 
+* Checkout can now handle an initial checkout of a repository, making
+  `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE` unnecessary for users of clone.
+
 ### API additions
 
 * Parsing and retrieving a configuration value as a path is exposed
@@ -18,6 +21,11 @@ v0.22 + 1
 
 ### Breaking API changes
 
+* `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE` has been removed.  Most users will generally
+  be able to switch to `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE`, but if you require missing
+  file handling during checkout, you may now use `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+  GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING`.
+
 v0.22
 ------
 
diff --git a/examples/network/clone.c b/examples/network/clone.c
index 6144e21..270bb68 100644
--- a/examples/network/clone.c
+++ b/examples/network/clone.c
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ int do_clone(git_repository *repo, int argc, char **argv)
 	}
 
 	// Set up options
-	checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
 	checkout_opts.progress_cb = checkout_progress;
 	checkout_opts.progress_payload = &pd;
 	clone_opts.checkout_opts = checkout_opts;
diff --git a/include/git2/checkout.h b/include/git2/checkout.h
index 4fe1340..ed39bd3 100644
--- a/include/git2/checkout.h
+++ b/include/git2/checkout.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ GIT_BEGIN_DECL
  * check out, the "baseline" tree of what was checked out previously, the
  * working directory for actual files, and the index for staged changes.
  *
- * You give checkout one of four strategies for update:
+ * You give checkout one of three strategies for update:
  *
  * - `GIT_CHECKOUT_NONE` is a dry-run strategy that checks for conflicts,
  *   etc., but doesn't make any actual changes.
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ GIT_BEGIN_DECL
  *   make the working directory match the target (including potentially
  *   discarding modified files).
  *
- * In between those are `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE` and `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE`
- * both of which only make modifications that will not lose changes.
+ * - `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE` is between these two options, it will only make
+ *   modifications that will not lose changes.
  *
  *                         |  target == baseline   |  target != baseline  |
  *    ---------------------|-----------------------|----------------------|
@@ -51,28 +51,21 @@ GIT_BEGIN_DECL
  *     workdir exists and  |       no action       |   conflict (notify   |
  *       is != baseline    | notify dirty MODIFIED | and cancel checkout) |
  *    ---------------------|-----------------------|----------------------|
- *      workdir missing,   | create if SAFE_CREATE |     create file      |
- *      baseline present   | notify dirty DELETED  |                      |
+ *      workdir missing,   | notify dirty DELETED  |     create file      |
+ *      baseline present   |                       |                      |
  *    ---------------------|-----------------------|----------------------|
  *
- * The only difference between SAFE and SAFE_CREATE is that SAFE_CREATE
- * will cause a file to be checked out if it is missing from the working
- * directory even if it is not modified between the target and baseline.
- *
- *
  * To emulate `git checkout`, use `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE` with a checkout
  * notification callback (see below) that displays information about dirty
  * files.  The default behavior will cancel checkout on conflicts.
  *
- * To emulate `git checkout-index`, use `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE` with a
+ * To emulate `git checkout-index`, use `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE` with a
  * notification callback that cancels the operation if a dirty-but-existing
  * file is found in the working directory.  This core git command isn't
  * quite "force" but is sensitive about some types of changes.
  *
  * To emulate `git checkout -f`, use `GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE`.
  *
- * To emulate `git clone` use `GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE` in the options.
- *
  *
  * There are some additional flags to modified the behavior of checkout:
  *
@@ -116,12 +109,12 @@ typedef enum {
 	/** Allow safe updates that cannot overwrite uncommitted data */
 	GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE = (1u << 0),
 
-	/** Allow safe updates plus creation of missing files */
-	GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE = (1u << 1),
-
 	/** Allow all updates to force working directory to look like index */
-	GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE = (1u << 2),
+	GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE = (1u << 1),
+
 
+	/** Allow checkout to recreate missing files */
+	GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING = (1u << 2),
 
 	/** Allow checkout to make safe updates even if conflicts are found */
 	GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS = (1u << 4),
diff --git a/include/git2/clone.h b/include/git2/clone.h
index 4644085..1cee516 100644
--- a/include/git2/clone.h
+++ b/include/git2/clone.h
@@ -106,9 +106,7 @@ typedef struct git_clone_options {
 	/**
 	 * These options are passed to the checkout step. To disable
 	 * checkout, set the `checkout_strategy` to
-	 * `GIT_CHECKOUT_NONE`. Generally you will want the use
-	 * GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE to create all files in the working
-	 * directory for the newly cloned repository.
+	 * `GIT_CHECKOUT_NONE`.
 	 */
 	git_checkout_options checkout_opts;
 
@@ -173,7 +171,9 @@ typedef struct git_clone_options {
 } git_clone_options;
 
 #define GIT_CLONE_OPTIONS_VERSION 1
-#define GIT_CLONE_OPTIONS_INIT {GIT_CLONE_OPTIONS_VERSION, {GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_VERSION, GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE}, GIT_REMOTE_CALLBACKS_INIT}
+#define GIT_CLONE_OPTIONS_INIT { GIT_CLONE_OPTIONS_VERSION, \
+	{ GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_VERSION, GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE }, \
+	GIT_REMOTE_CALLBACKS_INIT }
 
 /**
  * Initializes a `git_clone_options` with default values. Equivalent to
diff --git a/include/git2/submodule.h b/include/git2/submodule.h
index f03ea2d..1c139d0 100644
--- a/include/git2/submodule.h
+++ b/include/git2/submodule.h
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ typedef struct git_submodule_update_options {
 
 	/**
 	 * The checkout strategy to use when the sub repository needs to
-	 * be cloned. Use GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE to create all files
+	 * be cloned. Use GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE to create all files
 	 * in the working directory for the newly cloned repository.
 	 */
 	unsigned int clone_checkout_strategy;
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ typedef struct git_submodule_update_options {
 #define GIT_SUBMODULE_UPDATE_OPTIONS_VERSION 1
 #define GIT_SUBMODULE_UPDATE_OPTIONS_INIT \
 	{ GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_VERSION, \
-		{ GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_VERSION, GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE}, \
-	GIT_REMOTE_CALLBACKS_INIT, GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE }
+		{ GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_VERSION, GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE }, \
+	GIT_REMOTE_CALLBACKS_INIT, GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE }
 
 /**
  * Initializes a `git_submodule_update_options` with default values.
diff --git a/src/.checkout.c.swp b/src/.checkout.c.swp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d946ab5
Binary files /dev/null and b/src/.checkout.c.swp differ
diff --git a/src/checkout.c b/src/checkout.c
index f71be26..c069281 100644
--- a/src/checkout.c
+++ b/src/checkout.c
@@ -255,13 +255,13 @@ static int checkout_action_no_wd(
 		error = checkout_notify(data, GIT_CHECKOUT_NOTIFY_DIRTY, delta, NULL);
 		if (error)
 			return error;
-		*action = CHECKOUT_ACTION_IF(SAFE_CREATE, UPDATE_BLOB, NONE);
+		*action = CHECKOUT_ACTION_IF(RECREATE_MISSING, UPDATE_BLOB, NONE);
 		break;
 	case GIT_DELTA_ADDED:    /* case 2 or 28 (and 5 but not really) */
 		*action = CHECKOUT_ACTION_IF(SAFE, UPDATE_BLOB, NONE);
 		break;
 	case GIT_DELTA_MODIFIED: /* case 13 (and 35 but not really) */
-		*action = CHECKOUT_ACTION_IF(SAFE_CREATE, UPDATE_BLOB, CONFLICT);
+		*action = CHECKOUT_ACTION_IF(RECREATE_MISSING, UPDATE_BLOB, CONFLICT);
 		break;
 	case GIT_DELTA_TYPECHANGE: /* case 21 (B->T) and 28 (T->B)*/
 		if (delta->new_file.mode == GIT_FILEMODE_TREE)
@@ -2346,11 +2346,17 @@ static int checkout_data_init(
 		}
 	}
 
-	/* if you are forcing, definitely allow safe updates */
+	/* if you are forcing, allow all safe updates, plus recreate missing */
 	if ((data->opts.checkout_strategy & GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE) != 0)
-		data->opts.checkout_strategy |= GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
-	if ((data->opts.checkout_strategy & GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE) != 0)
-		data->opts.checkout_strategy |= GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
+		data->opts.checkout_strategy |= GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+			GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
+
+	/* if the repository does not actually have an index file, then this
+	 * is an initial checkout (perhaps from clone), so we allow safe updates
+	 */
+	if (!data->index->on_disk &&
+		(data->opts.checkout_strategy & GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE) != 0)
+		data->opts.checkout_strategy |= GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	data->strategy = data->opts.checkout_strategy;
 
diff --git a/src/cherrypick.c b/src/cherrypick.c
index ebc9fcd..c929751 100644
--- a/src/cherrypick.c
+++ b/src/cherrypick.c
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static int cherrypick_normalize_opts(
 	const char *their_label)
 {
 	int error = 0;
-	unsigned int default_checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE |
+	unsigned int default_checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
 		GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
 
 	GIT_UNUSED(repo);
diff --git a/src/revert.c b/src/revert.c
index f8a7f43..c481e7d 100644
--- a/src/revert.c
+++ b/src/revert.c
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ static int revert_normalize_opts(
 	const char *their_label)
 {
 	int error = 0;
-	unsigned int default_checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE |
+	unsigned int default_checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
 		GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
 
 	GIT_UNUSED(repo);
diff --git a/tests/checkout/.icase.c.swp b/tests/checkout/.icase.c.swp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..facd136
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/checkout/.icase.c.swp differ
diff --git a/tests/checkout/crlf.c b/tests/checkout/crlf.c
index b6d4e94..ecbcc8a 100644
--- a/tests/checkout/crlf.c
+++ b/tests/checkout/crlf.c
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__cleanup(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__detect_crlf_autocrlf_false(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", false);
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_false_index_size_is_unfiltered_size(void)
 	git_index *index;
 	const git_index_entry *entry;
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", false);
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_false_index_size_is_unfiltered_size(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__detect_crlf_autocrlf_true(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__detect_crlf_autocrlf_true(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__more_lf_autocrlf_true(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__more_lf_autocrlf_true(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__more_crlf_autocrlf_true(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__more_crlf_autocrlf_true(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__all_crlf_autocrlf_true(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__all_crlf_autocrlf_true(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__detect_crlf_autocrlf_true_utf8(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_true_index_size_is_filtered_size(void)
 	git_index *index;
 	const git_index_entry *entry;
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__with_ident(void)
 	git_index *index;
 	git_blob *blob;
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_git_mkfile("crlf/.gitattributes",
 		"*.txt text\n*.bin binary\n"
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__with_ident(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_false_no_attrs(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", false);
 
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_false_no_attrs(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_true_no_attrs(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_true_no_attrs(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_input_no_attrs(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_repo_set_string(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", "input");
 
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_input_no_attrs(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_false_text_auto_attr(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_git_mkfile("./crlf/.gitattributes", "* text=auto\n");
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_false_text_auto_attr(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_true_text_auto_attr(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_git_mkfile("./crlf/.gitattributes", "* text=auto\n");
 
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_true_text_auto_attr(void)
 void test_checkout_crlf__autocrlf_input_text_auto_attr(void)
 {
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 
 	cl_git_mkfile("./crlf/.gitattributes", "* text=auto\n");
 
diff --git a/tests/checkout/index.c b/tests/checkout/index.c
index 112324a..63ed4b1 100644
--- a/tests/checkout/index.c
+++ b/tests/checkout/index.c
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__can_create_missing_files(void)
 	cl_assert_equal_i(false, git_path_isfile("./testrepo/branch_file.txt"));
 	cl_assert_equal_i(false, git_path_isfile("./testrepo/new.txt"));
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -69,7 +69,9 @@ void test_checkout_index__can_remove_untracked_files(void)
 	cl_assert_equal_i(true, git_path_isdir("./testrepo/dir/subdir/subsubdir"));
 
 	opts.checkout_strategy =
-		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE | GIT_CHECKOUT_REMOVE_UNTRACKED;
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_REMOVE_UNTRACKED;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__honor_the_specified_pathspecs(void)
 	cl_assert_equal_i(false, git_path_isfile("./testrepo/branch_file.txt"));
 	cl_assert_equal_i(false, git_path_isfile("./testrepo/new.txt"));
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__honor_the_gitattributes_directives(void)
 	cl_git_mkfile("./testrepo/.gitattributes", attributes);
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", false);
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__honor_coreautocrlf_setting_set_to_true(void)
 	cl_git_pass(p_unlink("./testrepo/.gitattributes"));
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.autocrlf", true);
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__honor_coresymlinks_setting_set_to_true(void)
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.symlinks", true);
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__honor_coresymlinks_setting_set_to_false(void)
 
 	cl_repo_set_bool(g_repo, "core.symlinks", false);
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__options_disable_filters(void)
 
 	cl_git_mkfile("./testrepo/.gitattributes", "*.txt text eol=crlf\n");
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 	opts.disable_filters = false;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
@@ -238,7 +240,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__options_dir_modes(void)
 
 	reset_index_to_treeish((git_object *)commit);
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 	opts.dir_mode = 0701;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
@@ -264,7 +266,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__options_override_file_modes(void)
 	if (!cl_is_chmod_supported())
 		return;
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 	opts.file_mode = 0700;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
@@ -329,8 +331,9 @@ void test_checkout_index__can_notify_of_skipped_files(void)
 	data.file = "new.txt";
 	data.sha = "a71586c1dfe8a71c6cbf6c129f404c5642ff31bd";
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy =
-		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE | GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
 	opts.notify_flags = GIT_CHECKOUT_NOTIFY_CONFLICT;
 	opts.notify_cb = test_checkout_notify_cb;
 	opts.notify_payload = &data;
@@ -368,7 +371,9 @@ void test_checkout_index__wont_notify_of_expected_line_ending_changes(void)
 	cl_git_mkfile("./testrepo/new.txt", "my new file\r\n");
 
 	opts.checkout_strategy =
-		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE | GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
 	opts.notify_flags = GIT_CHECKOUT_NOTIFY_CONFLICT;
 	opts.notify_cb = dont_notify_cb;
 	opts.notify_payload = NULL;
@@ -388,7 +393,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__calls_progress_callback(void)
 	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
 	int calls = 0;
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 	opts.progress_cb = checkout_progress_counter;
 	opts.progress_payload = &calls;
 
@@ -423,7 +428,9 @@ void test_checkout_index__can_overcome_name_clashes(void)
 	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("./testrepo/path0/file0"));
 
 	opts.checkout_strategy =
-		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE | GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | 
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_ALLOW_CONFLICTS;
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, index, &opts));
 
 	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("./testrepo/path1"));
@@ -473,7 +480,9 @@ void test_checkout_index__can_update_prefixed_files(void)
 	cl_git_pass(p_mkdir("./testrepo/branch_file.txt.after", 0777));
 
 	opts.checkout_strategy =
-		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE | GIT_CHECKOUT_REMOVE_UNTRACKED;
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_REMOVE_UNTRACKED;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_index(g_repo, NULL, &opts));
 
@@ -523,7 +532,8 @@ void test_checkout_index__target_directory(void)
 	checkout_counts cts;
 	memset(&cts, 0, sizeof(cts));
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 	opts.target_directory = "alternative";
 	cl_assert(!git_path_isdir("alternative"));
 
@@ -568,7 +578,8 @@ void test_checkout_index__target_directory_from_bare(void)
 	cl_git_pass(git_index_write(index));
 	git_index_free(index);
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	opts.notify_flags = GIT_CHECKOUT_NOTIFY_ALL;
 	opts.notify_cb = checkout_count_callback;
@@ -606,7 +617,7 @@ void test_checkout_index__can_get_repo_from_index(void)
 	cl_assert_equal_i(false, git_path_isfile("./testrepo/branch_file.txt"));
 	cl_assert_equal_i(false, git_path_isfile("./testrepo/new.txt"));
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE | GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_repository_index(&index, g_repo));
 
diff --git a/tests/checkout/tree.c b/tests/checkout/tree.c
index 0fabadc..7ba9c25 100644
--- a/tests/checkout/tree.c
+++ b/tests/checkout/tree.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ void test_checkout_tree__initialize(void)
 	g_repo = cl_git_sandbox_init("testrepo");
 
 	GIT_INIT_STRUCTURE(&g_opts, GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_VERSION);
-	g_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	g_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_FORCE;
 }
 
 void test_checkout_tree__cleanup(void)
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ void test_checkout_tree__can_checkout_with_pattern(void)
 
 	/* now to a narrow patterned checkout */
 
-	g_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	g_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
 	g_opts.paths.strings = entries;
 	g_opts.paths.count = 1;
 
@@ -445,7 +445,8 @@ void test_checkout_tree__can_disable_pattern_match(void)
 	/* now to a narrow patterned checkout, but disable pattern */
 
 	g_opts.checkout_strategy =
-		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE | GIT_CHECKOUT_DISABLE_PATHSPEC_MATCH;
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_DISABLE_PATHSPEC_MATCH;
 	g_opts.paths.strings = entries;
 	g_opts.paths.count = 1;
 
@@ -457,7 +458,7 @@ void test_checkout_tree__can_disable_pattern_match(void)
 
 	/* let's try that again, but allow the pattern match */
 
-	g_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	g_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_tree(g_repo, g_object, &g_opts));
 
@@ -824,7 +825,8 @@ void test_checkout_tree__target_directory_from_bare(void)
 	g_repo = cl_git_sandbox_init("testrepo.git");
 	cl_assert(git_repository_is_bare(g_repo));
 
-	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE |
+		GIT_CHECKOUT_RECREATE_MISSING;
 
 	opts.notify_flags = GIT_CHECKOUT_NOTIFY_ALL;
 	opts.notify_cb = checkout_count_callback;
@@ -1264,3 +1266,39 @@ void test_checkout_tree__can_update_but_not_write_index(void)
 	git_object_free(head);
 	git_index_free(index);
 }
+
+/* Emulate checking out in a repo created by clone --no-checkout,
+ * which would not have written an index. */
+void test_checkout_tree__safe_proceeds_if_no_index(void)
+{
+	git_checkout_options opts = GIT_CHECKOUT_OPTIONS_INIT;
+	git_oid oid;
+	git_object *obj = NULL;
+
+	assert_on_branch(g_repo, "master");
+	cl_must_pass(p_unlink("testrepo/.git/index"));
+
+	/* do second checkout safe because we should be clean after first */
+	opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
+
+	cl_git_pass(git_reference_name_to_id(&oid, g_repo, "refs/heads/subtrees"));
+	cl_git_pass(git_object_lookup(&obj, g_repo, &oid, GIT_OBJ_ANY));
+
+	cl_git_pass(git_checkout_tree(g_repo, obj, &opts));
+	cl_git_pass(git_repository_set_head(g_repo, "refs/heads/subtrees", NULL, NULL));
+
+	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("testrepo/README"));
+	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("testrepo/branch_file.txt"));
+	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("testrepo/new.txt"));
+	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("testrepo/ab/4.txt"));
+	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("testrepo/ab/c/3.txt"));
+	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("testrepo/ab/de/2.txt"));
+	cl_assert(git_path_isfile("testrepo/ab/de/fgh/1.txt"));
+
+	cl_assert(!git_path_isdir("testrepo/a"));
+
+	assert_on_branch(g_repo, "subtrees");
+
+	git_object_free(obj);
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/checkout/typechange.c b/tests/checkout/typechange.c
index 7aa14b3..c323309 100644
--- a/tests/checkout/typechange.c
+++ b/tests/checkout/typechange.c
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ void test_checkout_typechange__checkout_with_conflicts(void)
 		p_mkdir("typechanges/d", 0777); /* intentionally empty dir */
 		force_create_file("typechanges/untracked");
 
-		opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+		opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
 		memset(&cts, 0, sizeof(cts));
 
 		cl_git_fail(git_checkout_tree(g_repo, obj, &opts));
diff --git a/tests/clone/nonetwork.c b/tests/clone/nonetwork.c
index a0264b0..ac7c192 100644
--- a/tests/clone/nonetwork.c
+++ b/tests/clone/nonetwork.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ void test_clone_nonetwork__initialize(void)
 	memset(&g_options, 0, sizeof(git_clone_options));
 	g_options.version = GIT_CLONE_OPTIONS_VERSION;
 	g_options.checkout_opts = dummy_opts;
-	g_options.checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	g_options.checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
 	g_options.remote_callbacks = dummy_callbacks;
 	cl_git_pass(git_signature_now(&g_options.signature, "Me", "foo@example.com"));
 }
diff --git a/tests/online/clone.c b/tests/online/clone.c
index cae7b33..3bb9279 100644
--- a/tests/online/clone.c
+++ b/tests/online/clone.c
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ void test_online_clone__can_checkout_a_cloned_repo(void)
 	bool checkout_progress_cb_was_called = false,
 		  fetch_progress_cb_was_called = false;
 
-	g_options.checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	g_options.checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
 	g_options.checkout_opts.progress_cb = &checkout_progress;
 	g_options.checkout_opts.progress_payload = &checkout_progress_cb_was_called;
 	g_options.remote_callbacks.transfer_progress = &fetch_progress;
diff --git a/tests/perf/helper__perf__do_merge.c b/tests/perf/helper__perf__do_merge.c
index 0022185..4c41f92 100644
--- a/tests/perf/helper__perf__do_merge.c
+++ b/tests/perf/helper__perf__do_merge.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ void perf__do_merge(const char *fixture,
 
 	perf__timer__start(&t_total);
 
-	checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE_CREATE;
+	checkout_opts.checkout_strategy = GIT_CHECKOUT_SAFE;
 	clone_opts.checkout_opts = checkout_opts;
 	cl_git_pass(git_signature_now(&clone_opts.signature, "Me", "foo@example.com"));